Oil Extraction Tools And Techniques

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Effect of different extraction methods on extraction yield, physicochemical properties and volatile compounds of field melon seed oil.

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China is the largest importer of edible vegetable oil in the world, accounting for not less than 40%, so there is a need to increase domestic oil production capacity [1]. Melon seed oil can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel and cooking oil. Cucumis melo L. var. Agrestis Naud. is a plant of Cucurbitaceae Cucumis genus, originating from Africa and widely distributed in India, Sudan, China and other places. It is eaten as a vegetable when unripe and as a fruit when ripe. Watermelon seeds are high in oil and can be pressed into oil for consumption. Ji et al. [2] canola seed oil was obtained by pressing method, the yield of oil reached 25%. The main component of muskmelon seed oil is triacylglycerol, and it can be a good source of γ-tocopherol and linoleic acid [3].

As a rule, different extraction methods can lead to differences in the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil. The hot pressing process must go through high temperature procedures, which can help to increase certain aromatic components to some extent. At the same time, it will also destroy the active ingredients that are sensitive to heat. To ensure complete extraction, Soxhlet extraction is designed to repeatedly boil the solvent and siphon the solvent. However, this method has disadvantages such as long extraction time and large amount of organic waste.

Moreover, melting is a widely used traditional method for lipid extraction. In this process, organic solvents can break down plant cell walls or disrupt the interactions between lipids and the tissue matrix to release oil. Since the oil obtained during the extraction process contains organic solvents, an excellent strategy is to replace the organic solvents with water, such as the water solvent extraction method. However, the water extraction method can easily form an emulsified oil, resulting in a low extraction rate. In addition, cold pressing [4], critical liquid extraction [5], and ultrasound/microwave extraction [6] are also widely used to extract seed oil. Alrashidi et al. [7] found that the Soxhlet method was superior to that of Al Qasim cold-pressed oil. Zhang et al. [8] found that different extraction methods had a significant effect on the content of minor components and the antioxidant activity of milk thistle seed oil.

Volatile components are an important factor affecting sensory properties, oil quality and usability. Electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technologies are commonly used for volatile analysis. With the development of modern instrumental analysis technology, gas chromatographic ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) has been used to analyze volatile substances as a gas analytical method. This technology detects ions based on the migration speed of different gas phase ions in the gas phase in an electric field. The results show intuitive and visual fingerprints of the taste differences between different samples. A combination of several technologies can play a good role in research and development [9]. A combination of different methods have been used to determine oil grades, processing methods [11], adulteration, etc. [12]. In this study, flax seed oil was extracted using four extraction methods. Their physicochemical properties, volatile aromatic components, and antioxidant activity were thoroughly analyzed to obtain specific scientific information for field melon seed oil extraction and industrial use.

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Field cucumber (Cucumis biseksualis) was collected in Lixin County, Anhui Province (116°12′48″E 33°9′5.50″N). The diameter of the melon fruit ranged from 5.87 to 4.74 cm, and the average fruit weight was 40–45 g with a content of 7.8 ± 0.14%). Seed 4-5 mm long, 2.0-2.4 mm wide, pit pointed, base rounded. Field melon seeds were ground with a universal scraper (TLG-10-08-04, Beijing Tianli Hencheng Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The seeds were sieved and 800-400 mm granulation was used for the experiments.

Press extrusion (PE): 100 g of sample was subjected to hot pressing using a DH-50 screw oil press (pressing chamber temperature 90°C). It consisted of endless threads in a cylinder, and the oil was extracted from the seed by friction with the cylinder walls.

Organic solvent extraction (OSE): 100 g of sample was added to 1000 mL of n-hexane. The sample was placed in a magnetic stirrer (85-2B, Qiuzuo Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and annealed at 55 °C for 3 h. The suspension was then filtered using filter paper. A rotary vacuum evaporator reduced n-hexane at 50 °C. To further reduce residual solvent, the extracted oil was placed in a vacuum drying oven at 50°C to constant weight.

Soxhlet Extraction (SE): 10 g of sample is placed in a paper envelope and placed in a 250 ml Soxhlet extractor. Petroleum ether was used as a solvent and the reaction was carried out at 40 °C for 6 h. After extraction, the sample was spun to remove the solvent and placed in a vacuum drying oven to constant weight.

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Water extraction (AE): Distilled water was added to 100 g of seed powder at a ratio of 1:10 and placed in a magnetic stirrer (85-2B, Qiuzuo Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). ) and released at 50°C for 3 hours. The sample was then centrifuged (5000 × g) for 20 min, and the supernatant and emulsified layer were transferred to a 50 mL centrifuge tube. The samples were then placed in a freezer at -20°C for 24 hours, the sample was removed and thawed at room temperature for deemulsification, and the upper oil layer was removed.

The acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponification value of the samples were determined according to the official AOCS method of the American Society of Petroleum Chemists [13].

= amount of potassium hydroxide used for

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