Evolution Of Oil Extraction Techniques

Evolution Of Oil Extraction Techniques – Open Access Article This Open Access Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported License

This review presents innovative extraction techniques and their role in promoting sustainable ingredients in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. These techniques (such as microwave, ultrasound, pulsed electric field, instantaneous controlled pressure drop, subcritical and supercritical fluid processing, extrusion, mechanochemical, high pressure and ohmic, UV and IR heating) use or produce less solvent, energy and hazards. This overview provides the necessary theoretical background and some details about green mining techniques, their mechanisms, some applications and environmental impacts. We pay special attention to strategies and present them as success stories of research and education as well as industrial scale.

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Introduction The extraction of food and natural products dates back to ancient civilizations as an important source of ingredients for nutritional, aesthetic and spiritual applications. The Pharaonic civilization, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years, appears to have been the first to practice solid-liquid extraction, using plant life to extract colors, scents, and materials. Specific sesquiterpenes have been found in mummy dressings and are found in frankincense extracts, which are widely used in religious rituals. Great discoveries in this area were also made by the Greek and Roman civilizations, who laid the foundations of distillation with the discovery of the “ambix”, which is used for both extraction and distillation. Later, Islamic civilization gave great importance to the art of distillation and extraction. Geber (721-815) changed “ambix” to “al-ambix”, but the process name “Alembic” was undoubtedly associated with Avicenna (930-1037), who invented a cooling system and was the first to distill ethanol. an era whose name is taken from the Arabic “al-kohol”. Ethanol has revolutionized medicine, cooking, and extraction to obtain ingredients used as dyes, antioxidants, and flavors. This official history completely overshadows the role of women in the discovery of extraction techniques. Archeological excavations in Iraq found certain pots around 3500 BC The cooking vase resembled a “tajine” for cooking, but its shape was examined by researchers and they definitively agreed that it was used not only as a Soxhlet apparatus for the preparation and extraction of perfumes, but also for medicinal and religious preparations. In Mediterranean countries, the tradition of making these extracts is still passed down from mother to daughter, keeping the secret of the enchanting perfumes or medicines of the ancestors. The most famous chemist is still Maria, known as “Mary the Jew”, who gave the name to the famous “bain-marie” (Mary’s bath). He was recognized as an Alexandrian chemist in 100 BC. Rare recorded treatises show that his extraction technology was developed using solar energy (Figure 1).2, 3

Centrifugation Free Extraction Of Circulating Nucleic Acids Using Immiscible Liquid Under Vacuum Pressure

Today, we cannot find a production process in the perfumery, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, biofuel, materials or fine chemical industries that does not use extraction processes. The extraction of natural products has been considered “clean” compared to the heavy chemical industry, but scientists and experts know that its effects on the environment are much greater than meets the eye. Essential oils are defined as products obtained from plant raw materials that must be isolated by physical means only. The physical methods used are alembic distillation (steam, steam/water and water), expression (also known as Cold Pressing for citrus peel oils) or dry distillation of natural materials. These processes consume time, energy, solvents and water. Lipids, aromas, dyes and antioxidants are obtained by solvent extraction with a petroleum solvent. It is often performed using the Soxhlet extraction method, which is based on the iterative percolation of a fresh solvent, usually hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol. Today, the Soxhlet apparatus is still common in laboratories and industry and has been the standard and reference method for solid-liquid extraction in most cases. However, Soxhlet extraction has some disadvantages, such as the requirement for a long run time (several hours), large volumes of solvent, required evaporation and concentration at the end of the extraction, and unsuitability for heat-labile analytes.

For example, obtaining 1 kg of rose absolute requires almost 2 tons of fresh roses as raw materials, but also large amounts of oil solvents (hexane), energy (mainly fossils) for extraction and evaporation, and water for cooling and purification. and produces toxic solid waste with petroleum solvents, wastewater and COV emissions. With rising energy prices and efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the chemical and food industries must find new recovery technologies to reduce energy, solvent and water consumption and meet legal requirements regarding emissions, safety and product/process control as well as reduce costs and improve quality and functionality. Mining is one of the promising innovation topics that could support the sustainable growth of the chemical and food industries. For example, existing extraction techniques have to overcome significant technological and scientific hurdles: they often require up to 50% investment in a new plant and more than 70% of the total energy, solvent and water consumption of the process in the food, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. in industries.

The search for environmentally friendly alternatives and safer techniques, procedures and solvents is therefore currently the subject of intensive research. Green chemistry, guided by the twelve principles proposed by Anastas and Warner200, underlies this interest. The principles of green chemistry should be considered by all researchers when preparing their experiments and designing new compounds or working methods and methods to eliminate or replace hazardous products and reagents, inefficient processes and unsustainable raw materials.

Given these constraints, the mining industry embarked on its “green” revolution. In 2012, Chemat et al.4 introduced the concept of “green extraction of natural products” based on “green chemistry” and “green technology”, still referring to modern sustainable processes: “Green Extraction is based on the discovery and design of mining processes that reduce consumption energy, enable the use of alternative solvents and renewable natural products and ensure a safe and high-quality extract Area in applied research and industry Using green extraction techniques, whole processes can now be carried out in minutes instead of hours, with lower solvent consumption, simplified processing, higher purity of the final product, elimination additional wastewater treatment and consumption of only a fraction. energy normally required in a conventional extraction method.

Extraction Of Commercially Valuable Mineral Salt From Reverse Osmosis Brine Using A Spray Dry Process

This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sustainable mining techniques with success stories for research and education as well as on an industrial scale. Readers such as chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, physicians, and food technologists, even from academia or industry, find the most important solutions to problems in designing and presenting sustainable mining processing techniques at laboratory, classroom, and industrial scales to achieve optimal consumption of raw materials. food materials, water and energy: (1) by improving and optimizing existing processes; (2) use of non-specific equipment; and (3) innovation in processes and procedures.

See also Manual Oil Extraction Methods

Instantaneous controlled pressure drop technique Process and procedure Instantaneous controlled pressure drop, called DIC (Détente Instantanée Contrôlée) in French, was first introduced by Allaf5 and since its inception, this technique has been used to extract various natural substances and chemical additives. interest. In fact, DIC has been constantly improvised and modified in the field of decoding and related applications. It is considered a high-temperature/high-pressure short-term treatment with thermomechanical effects achieved by briefly exposing the raw material to saturated steam followed by a sudden pressure drop towards vacuum. Typically, a wetted sample placed in an extraction vessel is subjected to an initial pressure drop. After that, the sample is heated for a short time (5–60 s) at high saturated pressure (up to 1 MPa) and high temperature (up to 180 °C), after which the pressure is suddenly reduced to vacuum (3–5 kPa, Δt = 20–200 ms) . A sudden drop in pressure (ΔP /Δt > 25.106 Pa s−1) causes significant mechanical stress, which simultaneously causes water evaporation, immediate cooling of the sample, and swelling, which causes cell rupture and secretion. through the cell walls of metabolites.6 A number of the above phenomena help classify DIC as a green extraction technology, and its use of steam as a solvent reduces water consumption.7 Other advantages include low extraction time and heating required to complete this process, significantly reduced energy consumption, and the use of thermal of sensitive and heat-labile component retention give it an additional advantage among other existing alternative extraction pretreatment techniques. The DIC system consists of four main components (Figure 2), (i) the extraction vessel, in which the processed product is placed, is equipped with a heating jacket acting as an autoclave, (ii) a valve connecting the vacuum pump. to control the instantaneous pressure drop and provide pressure control due to steam in the vessel, (iii) a vacuum system comprising a vacuum pump and