Ancient Oil Extraction Methods

Ancient Oil Extraction Methods – ). This article discusses some ancient oil industries from around the world and compares these ancient industries with our modern oil industry. Readers of this article will find an ax I would love to grind on the topic. I have found that human cultures tend to exaggerate their own achievements, whether in art, science, business, or technology, and to downplay, denigrate, or outright dismiss the achievements of other cultures. As a teenager, I remember feeling very angry at Erich von Däniken’s absurd conclusion that only the assistance of some superior extraterrestrial being could explain the glorious achievements of now-extinct cultures around the world. As a member of our own Western European-North American culture, I feel that we are particularly guilty of consigning the achievements of other cultures to our own status.

Written by Mark Kurlansky. I highly recommend it to anyone interested in history and humanitarian affairs, along with Kurlansky’s other books,

Table of Contents

. The themes of the three books tie together in an entertaining way. But back to salt, one chapter details an ancient salt industry involving sophisticated drilling techniques and the co-production of brine and natural gas in China’s Sichuan province, long before Western efforts. I was very interested and immediately felt that this topic would be a great follow-up to my first topic because it involved hydrocarbon extraction, and even better, it was perfect food for the bees in my hood – it was about a different culture, from long ago, which We often ignore her heroic deeds and achievements in the West.

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Through a little research, I discovered that there is a museum dedicated to the ancient brine/salt/gas industry in Sichuan. Called the Salt Museum, it is located in the city of Zigong, named after two of its famous salt wells, about a three-hour drive south of the provincial capital of Chengdu (Figure 1). I’ve accepted the fact that I’m unlikely to be anywhere near China, let alone Zhigong, in the near future. Earlier this year, I took a business trip to Chengdu out of the blue, and I was determined to visit the salt museum there. It all worked and this article is the result. My goal is to provide interested readers with an understanding of the remarkable accomplishments of these people hundreds of years ago. As in my previous article, this is not a professional analysis, but rather the effort of an amateur to share his enthusiasm and provide an entertaining and stimulating read.

When a break in our work responsibilities allowed us, my colleagues from Geo-X, Bo Li, Andrew Royle, and I headed to Zigong with our gracious and kind hosts from Sichuan Geophysical Company (S.G.C.), Gang Lin and Zhirong Li. Walking in the Sichuan countryside is interesting, because one feels the intensity of human development in one of the richest regions of China. The densely populated part of Sichuan is a large basin surrounded by the Himalayan Plateau to the west, the Longmen Mountains to the north, and the Hua Ying Mountains to the south. The Yangtze River flows along the southern edge of the basin, and numerous tributaries flow south through rich farmland to the Yangtze River. With its fertile, well-watered soil and moderate climate, Sichuan is one of the most productive agricultural regions in China. Since ancient times, Sichuan has been called the “Land of Heaven” in China. The most common crops include wheat, canola, rice, cotton, barley, corn, potatoes, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. In the higher, less fertile lands, large areas are devoted to the cultivation of mulberry bushes (Figure 2), which supports one of the oldest and largest silk production industries in the world.

Figure 2. A common spring work in Sichuan – a farmer grafting new shoots onto the roots of a mulberry bush.

Naturally, with such attractive conditions for human habitation, humans have occupied Sichuan since the dawn of our early existence. The landscape has been cultivated by human hands for so long that it has become difficult to find a single wilderness area in the same basin. Even the steep slopes are devoted to agriculture, and old family crypts carved into the cliffs can often be seen from the highway. The contrast between luxury cars speeding along modern 6-lane highways and ancient terraces, cemeteries and irrigation systems is striking, but one can easily imagine here a long continuous development of human technology, from thousands and thousands of years to the present. Many of China’s ancient technical achievements come from this region, including advanced irrigation techniques, and drilling technology that is of particular interest to me.

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My reaction upon arriving in Zigong was typical of a Westerner visiting China for the first time – another city of what – half a million, a million, two million people? – which I had never heard of before, with the big boulevards, the high-rise buildings, the people everywhere, and the construction cranes growing willy-nilly. The scale of development in modern China is simply astonishing.

After a visit to the Zigong Dinosaur Museum, on the same level as the Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, and the inevitable banquet of incredibly delicious Szechuan food, we arrived at the Salt Museum. The museum is located in the former Shaanxi Guildhall, built by salt merchants from the northern Shaanxi province in 1736-1752 AD (Figure 3). The museum and the building it is located in easily exceeded my expectations as it is a truly world class exhibition. The fact that this historic building and the museum itself still exist today can largely be attributed to the patriarchal leader Mr. Deng Xiaoping, who designed and promoted this museum in the 1950s.

Figure 3. Street view of the Salt Museum, built in the mid-18th century as the Shanxi Salt Merchants Guild Hall.

The oldest evidence of wells in China, in Zhejiang Province, dates back to when humans first began farming in the region, about 7,000 years ago. About 5,000 years ago, Chinese coastal people boiled seawater to make salt. As densely populated human settlements moved inland and relied more and more on agriculture, salt, crucial to human survival as an important nutritional supplement and preservative, became a valuable commodity. The first recorded salt well in China was drilled in Sichuan Province about 2,250 years ago. This was the first time water well technology was successfully applied to salt mining, and marked the beginning of Sichuan’s salt mining industry. Since then, wells in Sichuan have penetrated the ground to tap saline aquifers, essentially groundwater with a salinity greater than 50 grams per liter. The water is then evaporated using a heat source, leaving the salt behind.

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At some point about 2,000 years ago, the leap occurred from hand-dug and shovel-dug wells to impact-drilled wells (Figure 4). At the beginning of the third century AD, wells were dug to a depth of 140 meters. The drilling technique can still be seen used today in China when rural farmers dig water wells. The drill bit is made of iron, and the pipe is made of bamboo. The excavator is made of bamboo. One or more men stand on a wooden lever, like a seesaw, and this raises the drill about a meter. The tube is dropped and the bit hits the rock and turns to dust. Inch by inch, month by month, the digging progresses slowly. It has been speculated that hammer drilling is derived from grinding rice into rice flour. When I read about this technique in SALT, I imagined a fairly primitive technique. I had no idea how advanced these drilling methods were, to the point that these guys actually developed most of the tools and techniques found on modern drilling rigs, albeit on a smaller scale and without the benefits of modern manufacturing methods.